Recent archaeological studies in the Holeylan Valley of Ilam province reveal nearly 100,000 years of continuous human habitation, showcasing the area’s significance in the development of irrigated agriculture and livestock domestication. Habibollah Mahmoudian highlights the valley’s rich resources, strategic location, and historical trade routes like the Silk Road. Artifacts such as stone tools indicate cultural evolution and urbanization. The region was first explored by Sir Aurel Stein in 1936, and later by Peder Mortensen in the 1970s, leading to the discovery of numerous archaeological sites. These findings underscore the valley’s critical role in understanding early human civilization and agricultural societies in Iran.